| Sažetak | Jedna od značajnijih pojava u prvoj polovici XX. stoljeća u hrvatskom katolicizmu je
Hrvatski katolički pokret. U radu se prikazuju okolnosti koje su uvjetovale taj Pokret i na ideale
koji su inspirirali prvu generaciju hrvatskih katoličkih organiziranih laika: radilo se, naime, o
tome da se spase kršćanske vrijednosti u hrvatskom narodu koje je ugrožavao nasrtljivi
liberalizam na svim područjima javnoga života.
Pojava procesa stvaranja građanskoga društva vođena ideologijom liberalizma
napredovala je najizrazitije upravo u književnosti i kulturi uopće, a onda i u gospodarstvu, što
je otvorilo procese sekularizacije javnoga života. S vremenom je to djelovanje postalo otvoreno
protivljenje društvenom utjecaju Katoličke Crkve.
Crkva je na te procese odgovorila antimodernističkim enciklikama, poglavito Pio X.
Tako je na koncu XIX. stoljeća u Hrvata bilo organizirano jubilarno hodočašće u Rim, posveta
hrvatske mladeži Presvetom Srcu Isusovu i Prvi hrvatski katolički sastanak. Od važnijih
pothvata koji se mogu pripisati sastanku jest dnevnik Hrvatstvo, pravaške orijentacije, koji je
imao i književno kulturne rubrike, postavši mjesto rasprave o potrebi razvoja katoličke
književnosti i osnutak Hrvatskoga katoličkog kasina 1906.
Pravi zamah razvoju katoličkih kulturnih programa dao je krčki biskup Antun Mahnić
(1850. – 1920.), najprije osnutkom Staroslavenske akademije 1902., očuvanjem glagoljice i
staroslavenske liturgije, a potom i poticajima organiziranja katoličke mladeži, koji će prerasti u
Hrvatski katolički pokret. Njegov se početak datira u godinu 1903., kada je pokrenut prvi
hrvatski filozofijski časopis Hrvatska straža i osnovano Hrvatsko katoličko akademsko društvo
Hrvatska u Beču, koje je od 1905. izdavalo list Luč. Taj je klub uz pomoć biskupa Mahnića
1906. godine održao na Trsatu I. đački katolički sastanak. Nakon toga sastanka, potkraj 1906.
godine, uspjelo se u Zagrebu osnovati Hrvatsko katoličko akademsko društvo Domagoj, koje
je od tada sve do 1941. bilo glavni nositelj organiziranoga katoličkog kulturnog života. Jedan
od prvih pothvata bila je organizacija Hrvatsko-slovenskog katoličkog sastanka u Zagrebu u
ljeto 1907. U raznim manjim lokalnim domagojskim organizacijama ili bogoslovskim
zborovima (Martić za Bosnu, Strossmayer za Slavoniju, Dobrila za Istru i Pavlinović za
Dalmaciju) i Marijinim kongregacijama postojali su i literarni klubovi koji su izdavali svoje
litografske listove.III
Kad su iz akademskih društava i zborova počeli izlaziti svršeni akademici, nametnula
se sama po sebi ideja njihove organizacije – oni su se prozvali seniorima. Njihova se
organizacija zvala Hrvatski katolički seniorat s vodstvom u Zagrebu.
No i prije Seniorata postojali su neki začetci programskog okupljanja katoličkih
intelektualaca. Mahnić je svećenstvo okupljao oko lista Svećenička zajednica, namijenjena
svećeničkoj duhovnosti, dok je oko Hrvatske straže okupljao svećenike i laike koji su pisali o
filozofijskim, književnim, kulturološkim i srodnim temama.
Hrvatska straža imala je stožerni utjecaj na idejno oblikovanje HKP-a, a to su svakako
borba protiv modernizma i liberalizma i borba za ucjepljivanje katoličkih vrjednota u javni život
– reevangelizacija vođena geslom Omnia restaurare in Christo – sve obnoviti u Kristu. Osim
filozofijske problematike, posebna se pozornost posvećivala književnoj kritici s pozicija
philosophiae perennis – vječne filozofije, na temelju neoskolastičkih poticaja. Dijelom je
kulturno-književni karakter imao i sarajevski časopis Vrhbosna (1887.), iza kojega je stajao
nadbiskup Stadler sa svojim kaptolom, te splitski katolički tjednik Dan koji je od 1903. godine
vodio Mahnićev istomišljenik i urednik Hrvatske straže Ante Alfirević. Posebno značenje za
pokret imalo je 1912. pokretanje prvoga dnevnika Riječke novine. Inicijativa je došla od o.
Bernardina Škrivanića i o. Milana Pavelića, a prvi je urednik bio dr. Rudolf Eckert. Neizostavno
je važno za kulturni rad katolika djelovanje Hrvatskoga književnog društva sv. Jeronima,
utemeljenoga 1868. Za kulturni rad katolika toga vremena važan je bio i osnutak Hrvatskog
katoličkog kasina osnovanog 1906. godine, Pijevog društva za promicanje katoličke štampe
koje je osnovano 1908. godine sa svojim tjednikom Jutro, koje je izlazilo od 1908. do 1909.
godine, te Leonovo društvo za kršćansku filozofiju i znanosti, važno zbog pokušaja izrade
hrvatske katoličke enciklopedije. U svibnju 1913. osnovano je i Kolo hrvatskih književnika kao
književnička udruga katoličkih pisaca. Time je završeno konstituiranje glavnih struktura i
organizacija Hrvatskoga katoličkog pokreta, a samim time i njegova kulturnog razvoja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | One of the most significant phenomena in the first half of the 20th century in Croatian
Catholicism is the Croatian Catholic Movement. This article presents the circumstances that
conditioned the movement and the ideals that inspired the first generation of organized Croatian
Catholic laity: it was about saving Christian values in the Croatian people, which were
threatened by an aggressive liberalism in all spheres of public life.
Liberalism penetrated most clearly into literature and culture in general, and then into
the economy, beginning the process of secularization of public life. Over time, this process
became open opposition to the social influence of the Catholic Church.
The Church responded to these processes with anti-modernist encyclicals, notably Pius
X. In Croatia, the consecration of Croatian youth to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the First
Croatian Catholic Meeting were organized at the end of the XIX. Jubilee pilgrimage to Rome.
Among the most important undertakings that can be attributed to the meeting is the right-wing
Diary Croatia, which also had literary and cultural sections and became a place of discussion
on the need to develop Catholic literature and the establishment of the Croatian Catholic Casino
in 1906.
The real impetus for the development of Catholic cultural programs was given by Antun
Mahnić (1850-1920), the Bishop of Krk, first by founding the Old Church Slavonic Academy
in 1902, which preserved the Glagolitic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy, and then
by promoting the organization of Catholic youth. Its beginnings date back to 1903, when the
first Croatian philosophical journal Hrvatska straža was launched and the Croatian Catholic
Academic Society Hrvatska was founded in Vienna, publishing Luč since 1905. In 1906, with
the help of Bishop Mahnić, this society organized the first Catholic student meeting in Trsat.
Following the meeting, the Croatian Catholic Academic Society Domagoj was founded in
Zagreb at the end of 1906, which from then until 1941 was the mainstay of organized Catholic
cultural life. One of its first undertakings was the organization of the Croatian-Slovenian
Catholic Meeting in Zagreb in the summer of 1907. There were literary clubs in various smaller
local native organizations or theological choirs (Martić for Bosnia, Strossmayer for Slavonia,
Dobrila for Istria, and Pavlinović for Dalmatia) and Marian congregations, which published
their own lithographic newspapers.V
When the academics emerged from the academic societies and choirs, they came up
with the idea of their own organization, calling themselves seniors. Their organization was
called the Croatian Catholic Seniorate, with its headquarters in Zagreb.
But even before the Seniorate there were some beginnings of a programmatic gathering
of Catholic intellectuals. Mahnić gathered the clergy around the Priestly Community
newspaper, which was intended for priestly spirituality, while he gathered around the Hrvatska
straža priests and laity who wrote on philosophical, literary, cultural, and other related topics.
Hrvatska straža had a decisive influence on the ideological formation of the Croatian
Catholic Movement namely the struggle against modernism and liberalism and the struggle for
the spread of Catholic values in public life - re-evangelization under the motto Omnia
restaurare in Christo. In addition to philosophical questions, special attention was paid to
literary criticism from the position of philosophiae perennis - eternal philosophy based on neoScholastic impulses. The Sarajevo journal Vrhbosna (1887), supported by Archbishop Stadler
and his chapter, and the Split Catholic weekly Dan, headed since 1903 by Mahnić's like-minded
and Hrvatska straža editor Ante Alfirević, also had a partly cultural and literary character. The
founding of the first daily newspaper, Riječke novine, in 1912 was of particular significance for
the movement. The initiative came from Father Bernardin Škrivanić and Father Milan Pavelić,
and the first editor was Dr. Rudolf Eckert. The activities of the Croatian Literary Society of St.
Jerome, founded in 1868 were of profound importance for the cultural work of Catholics, as
well as the founding of the Croatian Catholic Casino, founded in 1906, the Pius Society for the
Promotion of the Catholic Press, founded in 1908 with the weekly magazine Jutro, published
from 1908 to 1909, and the Leon Society for Christian Philosophy and Science, important for
its attempt to compile a Croatian Catholic encyclopedia. In May 1913, the Circle of Croatian
Writers was founded as a literary association of Catholic writers. This completed the
constitution of the main structures and organizations of the Croatian Catholic movement, and
thus its cultural development.
One of the most significant phenomena in the first half of the 20th century in Croatian
Catholicism is the Croatian Catholic Movement. This article presents the circumstances that
conditioned the movement and the ideals that inspired the first generation of organized Croatian
Catholic laity: it was about saving Christian values in the Croatian people, which were
threatened by an aggressive liberalism in all spheres of public life.
Liberalism penetrated most clearly into literature and culture in general, and then into
the economy, beginning the process of secularization of public life. Over time, this process
became open opposition to the social influence of the Catholic Church.
The Church responded to these processes with anti-modernist encyclicals, notably Pius
X. In Croatia, the consecration of Croatian youth to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the First
Croatian Catholic Meeting were organized at the end of the XIX. Jubilee pilgrimage to Rome.
Among the most important undertakings that can be attributed to the meeting is the right-wing
Diary Croatia, which also had literary and cultural sections and became a place of discussion
on the need to develop Catholic literature and the establishment of the Croatian Catholic Casino
in 1906.
The real impetus for the development of Catholic cultural programs was given by Antun
Mahnić (1850-1920), the Bishop of Krk, first by founding the Old Church Slavonic Academy
in 1902, which preserved the Glagolitic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic liturgy, and then
by promoting the organization of Catholic youth. Its beginnings date back to 1903, when the
first Croatian philosophical journal Hrvatska straža was launched and the Croatian Catholic
Academic Society Hrvatska was founded in Vienna, publishing Luč since 1905. In 1906, with
the help of Bishop Mahnić, this society organized the first Catholic student meeting in Trsat.
Following the meeting, the Croatian Catholic Academic Society Domagoj was founded in
Zagreb at the end of 1906, which from then until 1941 was the mainstay of organized Catholic
cultural life. One of its first undertakings was the organization of the Croatian-Slovenian
Catholic Meeting in Zagreb in the summer of 1907. There were literary clubs in various smaller
local native organizations or theological choirs (Martić for Bosnia, Strossmayer for Slavonia,
Dobrila for Istria, and Pavlinović for Dalmatia) and Marian congregations, which published
their own lithographic newspapers.V
When the academics emerged from the academic societies and choirs, they came up
with the idea of their own organization, calling themselves seniors. Their organization was
called the Croatian Catholic Seniorate, with its headquarters in Zagreb.
But even before the Seniorate there were some beginnings of a programmatic gathering
of Catholic intellectuals. Mahnić gathered the clergy around the Priestly Community
newspaper, which was intended for priestly spirituality, while he gathered around the Hrvatska
straža priests and laity who wrote on philosophical, literary, cultural, and other related topics.
Hrvatska straža had a decisive influence on the ideological formation of the Croatian
Catholic Movement namely the struggle against modernism and liberalism and the struggle for
the spread of Catholic values in public life - re-evangelization under the motto Omnia
restaurare in Christo. In addition to philosophical questions, special attention was paid to
literary criticism from the position of philosophiae perennis - eternal philosophy based on neoScholastic impulses. The Sarajevo journal Vrhbosna (1887), supported by Archbishop Stadler
and his chapter, and the Split Catholic weekly Dan, headed since 1903 by Mahnić's like-minded
and Hrvatska straža editor Ante Alfirević, also had a partly cultural and literary character. The
founding of the first daily newspaper, Riječke novine, in 1912 was of particular significance for
the movement. The initiative came from Father Bernardin Škrivanić and Father Milan Pavelić,
and the first editor was Dr. Rudolf Eckert. The activities of the Croatian Literary Society of St.
Jerome, founded in 1868 were of profound importance for the cultural work of Catholics, as
well as the founding of the Croatian Catholic Casino, founded in 1906, the Pius Society for the
Promotion of the Catholic Press, founded in 1908 with the weekly magazine Jutro, published
from 1908 to 1909, and the Leon Society for Christian Philosophy and Science, important for
its attempt to compile a Croatian Catholic encyclopedia. In May 1913, the Circle of Croatian
Writers was founded as a literary association of Catholic writers. This completed the
constitution of the main structures and organizations of the Croatian Catholic movement, and
thus its cultural development. |
