| Sažetak | Temeljni istraživački problem kojim se bavi disertacija je javni i privatni položaj žena u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju radikalnih zakonodavnih i društvenih promjena 1945.-1953.god. kada djeluje Antifašistička fronta žena (AFŽ). Dosadašnja istraživanja položaja žena u ovom razdoblju bavila su se istraživanjem organizacije AFŽ i njenog položaja na relaciji Narodna fronta (NF) i Komunistička partija (KP) analizom dokumenata nastalih djelovanjem AFŽ i to od osnutka 1942.god. do ukinuća 1953.god. Istražen je i ratni i poslijeratni položaj žena koje su bile sudionice partizanskog pokreta, korištenjem socioloških metoda analize statističkih podataka. Analizi statističkih podataka pridodana su sjećanja i svjedočenja sudionica tog pokreta o razlozima pristupanja pokretu, položaju u partizanskim jedinicama, kao i mogućnosti napredovanja u zapovjednom smislu i tretiranju njihovog doprinosa partizanskoj borbi poslijeratnim kriterijima za dobivanje odlikovanja. Neistražena je bila interakcija društvenog i osobnog u životima žena tog razdoblja. Hipoteza istraživanja je da socijalistička praksa nije omogućila ženama da ostvare ideološki proklamiranu rodnu jednakost, osim prava na političku participaciju. U drugim je sferama jednakopravnost ostvarena samo dijelom (na području rada i obrazovanja), a najmanje u sferi privatnog života. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj AFŽ-a na javni i privatni položaj žena koje su živjele u socijalizmu (1945.-1953.god.) usporedbom postojeće arhivske građe, zakonske regulative, analizom poželjne slike socijalističke žene prezentirane u Ženi u borbi i analizom intervjua dobivenih metodom usmene povijesti. Istraživana je arhivska građa Konferencije za društvenu aktivnost žena (KZDAŽ) 1945.1953.god., Oblasni odbor Antifašističke fronte žena Osijek (1942.-1952.god.), Republička konferencija Socijalističkog saveza radnog naroda Hrvatske (SSRNH) 1945.-1953.god., analiziran časopis Žena u borbi, glasilo Antifašističke fronte žena Hrvatske (1945.-1953.god.), kao i zakonska regulativa koja je regulirala položaj žena u obitelji, braku, na radnom mjestu, socijalna prava. Rad istražuje diskrepanciju službene politike i proklamirane jednakopravnosti, te realnog javnog i privatnog života žena. Pratile su se promjene i kontinuiteti u tretmanu položaja i uloga žena u socijalističkom društvu u istraživanom razdoblju. 5 Rad ravnopravno koristi sjećanja žena na razdoblje 1945.-1953.god. koja su prikupljena metodom usmene povijesti. Metoda usmene povijesti koristi se i kao metoda i kao kategorija analize. U radu se kombiniraju usmeni iskazi svjedokinja vremena i pisani povijesni izvori. Na ovaj način kazivačicama, svjedokinjama vremena, dana je mogućnost i pravo da se izraze, a njihovi životi i životne priče povezale su povijesni kontekst i život pojedinca. Osnovni nalazi su da je zakonodavstvo riješilo pitanje egalitarnosti žena u političkom i javnom životu, u dostupnosti svih profesija, napredovanje u profesiji, ekonomsku jednakost i pravo na obrazovanje. Privatni životi žena, izuzev zakonske regulative vezane uz brak, obitelj i prava koja proizlaze iz njih, ostali su izvan okvira djelovanja tih promjena. Tradicionalni odnosi koji su se zadržali u obitelji prenijeli su se na društvene odnose koji su funkcionirali na osnovama patrijarhalnog modela moći. Tu različitost ženskih iskustava i životnih mogućnosti potvrdila su ispitivanja kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih podataka 1945.-1953.god. (zastupljenost žena na mjestima odlučivanja – u Saboru, KP, na mjestima direktorica u industrijskim, obrazovnim ustanovama, kao i ustanovama u kulturi, stupnju obrazovanja žena). Komparativnom analizom zastupljenosti žena u predstavničkim tijelima Jugoslavije, Hrvatske, pojedinih republika Federativne narodne republike Jugoslavije (FNRJ), te nekih zemalja narodne demokracije nastojale su se uočiti sličnosti i različitosti u položaju žena, te njihovi razlozi. Diskrepancija službene politike i proklamirane jednakopravnosti žena u javnom životu se očitovala kroz nesrazmjer sadržaja programatskih tekstova Komunističke partije (KP), koja u poratnom političkom i društvenom životu ima dominantnu ulogu, kao i poziva vodećih osoba političkog života Hrvatske/ Jugoslavije za izjednačavanjem žena i muškaraca u mogućnostima i tretmanu pri pristupu i tijekom obavljanja javnih funkcija sa stvarnim mogućnostima žena da se kandidiraju na mjestima unutar kandidacijskih lista koja bi im mogla omogućiti i stvarnu konzumaciju tih prava. Promjene i kontinuiteti u tretmanu položaja i uloga žena u socijalističkom društvu manifestirale su se kroz djelovanje AFŽ-a, koja je na svojim kongresima, konferencijama, svakodnevnim djelovanjem na razini oblasnih, kotarskih, gradskih organizacija proklamirala jednakost žena i radila na integraciji žena u politički i javni život zemlje na način koji je sustav želio riješiti žensko pitanje. U radu se aktivistice AFŽ tretiraju i kao primateljice i prenositeljice službene politike o 6 ženskom pitanju i tretmanu ženu, ali i kao akterice koje su ukazivale na probleme s kojima se žene susreću i onako kako ih žene vide i žele riješiti. Suprotstavljanjem životnih priča sugovornica i službenih dokumenata rad pokazuje kako su žene svakodnevnim životnim praksama mijenjale i oblikovale svoju svakodnevicu suprotstavljajući se vladajućem poretku ili korištenjem slobodnih/ otvorenih niša koje poredak nije mogao ili nije želio zatvarati. Ispitan je položaj žena u Zagrebu u kojem je utjecaj političke moći i nove ideologije, kao i društveno-gospodarske promjene (industrijalizacija, urbanizacija, te potreba za radnom snagom) najevidentniji. Širenjem istraživanja na položaj žena na selu, načine na koje se kolektivizacija i otkup koji se osobito radikalno provodio nakon Rezolucije IB 1948., kao i istraživanje djelovanja Sekcije žena zadrugarki, dobio bi se novi uvid u položaj žena u neposredno poratno doba 1945.-1953.god. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The basic research problem, which the dissertation deals with, is the public and private position of women in Croatia, in the period of radical legislative and social changes from 1945 to 1953, that is, during the activity of the Women's Antifascist Front. (WAF) The former research of the position of women at that period dealt with research of the organization of WAF and its position within the relationships of the People's Front and the Communist Party, by analysis of the documents which occurred during the activity of WAF from its foundation in 1942 to its abolition, in 1953. Both the Wartime and Post-wartime position of women – participants in the Partisan movement have been explored, by using the sociological method of the analysis of statistical data. To this analysis, remembrance and testimony of women who participated in the movement have been added about the reasons for joining the movement, the position in the Partisans units, as well as the opportunity of advancement in terms of command and the treatment of their contribution to the partisan warfare in the postwar years, for being decorated. The interaction between the social and private part of women's life at that time, hasn’t been explored. The hypothesis of the research is that social practice didn't enable the women to fulfill the proclaimed ideological gender equality, except for the political participation. What refers to the other spheres, equality was fulfilled only partly, for example in the sphere of work and education while it was the least fulfilled in the sphere of private life. The aim of the paper was to define the influence of WAF on the public and private position of women who lived in socialism from 1945 to 1953, by comparing the existing archival materials, the legislative regulatory rules, analysis of the desirable image of the socialist woman presented in ''Woman in combat'' and the analysis of the interviews, gotten with the method of by oral history. The following was explored: The archival material of the Conference for the Social activity of women (1945 – 1953), The Territorial Committee of the Women s Antifascist Front of Osijek (1942-1952), The Republic conference of The Socialist League of the working people of Croatia (1945-1953), in addition, the journal Woman in combat, the organ of WAF was analyzed as well as the legislative regulation which regulated the position of women in family, marriage, at work and her social rights. 8 The paper explores the discrepancy of official politics and proclaimed equality, as well as the real public and private life of women. The changes and continuity in the treatment of the position and role of women in socialist society of that period has been followed. The paper equally uses the remembrance of women of the period (1945-1953) which was gathered by the method of oral history. The method of oral history is used both as a method and as Analysis category. In the paper oral testimony of the witnesses of that time is combined with recorded historical sources. In this way the tellers, the witnesses of time were given an opportunity and right to express themselves, while their lives and life stories connected the historical context and the life of the individual. The basic results are that the legislation solved the question of the egalitarianism of women in political and public life, in the availability of all professions, career advancement, economic equality and the right to education. The private lives of women, except for the law regulations concerning marriage, family and the rights which result from them, remained out of the influence of those changes. The traditional relationships, retained in the family, were conveyed to the social relationships, which were functioning on the basis of the patriarchal model of power.. That difference among the women s experience and life opportunities was confirmed by the studying of quantitative and qualitative data from 1945 to 1953.( The representation of women at positions of making decisions – in the Parliament, KP, at positions of directors in industrial, educational and cultural institutions, according to the level of education of women.) By comparative analysis of women s representation in the representative bodies of Yugoslavia, Croatia, some other republics of Federative Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY), and some countries of the national democracy, attempted to perceive similarities and differences in the position of women, and their reasons. The discrepancy between the official politics and the proclaimed equality of women in the public sphere revealed itself through disproportion of the Communist Party (CP) programmatic texts which played dominant role in the postwar social and political life, and called the leading people of the political life in Croatia/ Yugoslavia to equate women and men in the opportunities and treatment at admission and during performance of public functions with the real possibilities of 9 women to become candidates for positions on the list of candidates, which could enable them real consumption of those rights. The changes and continuity in the treatment of the position and role of women in the socialist society manifested themselves through the activity of WAF, which proclaimed equality of women and worked on integration of women in political and public life of the country in the way the system wanted to solve women s question, on their congresses and conferences, with everyday activities in different district, county and city organisations. In the paper the WAF activists are treated as both receivers and conveyers of the official politics concerning the women s question and the treatment of women, but also as active participants who pointed out the problems which women encountered and the ways they saw them and wanted to solve them. By opposing the speaker’s life stories and official documents, the paper shows how women in everyday life practice changed and shaped their daily routines, by resistance to the ruling system or using free/open niches, which the system could not or did not want to close. The position of women in Zagreb, where the influence of political power and new ideology, along with the social and economic changes (industrialization, urbanisation, the need of working power) is most evident, was explored. By extending the research to the position of the village women, the ways the collectivisation and crop-purchase system were carried out, which were especially radically carried out after the IB Resolution in 1948, as well as the exploring of the activity of the Group of women cooperators, is given a new insight in the position of woman in the nearest postwar time, from1945 to 1953. |
