| Sažetak | Ono što se u literaturi naziva “problemom vrste” interdisciplinarna je rasprava na razmeđu filozofije i biologije. Filozofiji je cilj definirati pojam vrste na formalno zadovoljavajući način, a biologiji je cilj definirati pojam vrste na sadržajno zadovoljavajući način. Problem vrste filozofski je zanimljiv jer se u njemu krije mnoštvo konceptualnih problema koji se ne mogu riješiti empirijskim istraživanjima. Autori koji se bave ovom temom smatraju kako je riječ o iznimno važnom problemu, dok se čini kako biolozi mogu svoj posao obavljati i bez jednoznačnog rješenja tog problema. Autori ističu kako je pojam vrste temeljni pojam u biologiji (Pavlinov, 2013; Ereshefsky, 2010c) te kako je problem vrste, s prikazanim raspravama, od velikog značenja za biologiju. Autori također ističu kako je vrsta temeljna jedinica evolucije (Ereshefsky, 1992; Mayr, 2000b; Coyne, 2009; Richards, 2010), biološke klasifikacije (Ghiselin, 1997), biološke raznolikosti i konzervacije (Moritz, 1994). Pojam vrste koji biolozi prihvate imao bi dalekosežne posljedice na samu biologiju kao i utjecaj na broj vrsta koje se identificiraju u prirodi (Isaac i Purvis, 2004) što može imati velike posljedice kada je riječ o zaštiti ugroženih vrsta, o kontroli štetnika te na naše razumijevanje ljudske prirode. Različito shvaćanje pojma vrste također može predstavljati problem u komunikaciji među biolozima. Mayr ističe: “Vrsta je jedan od osnovnih temelja gotovo svih bioloških disciplina” (Mayr, 1988: 331), dok Richards (2010: 6) zaključuje kako praktični rad biologa uvelike ovisi o pojmu vrste s kojim raspolažu te kako je rješenje tog problema nužno. Iz navedenih razloga potrebno je pronaći rješenje problema vrste, a ono izgleda sve nedostižnije. Polazište rasprave o problemu vrste je potraga za jednim sveobuhvatnim pojmom vrste. Pojam vrste je pojam kojim se idealno nastoji odrediti nužno svojstvo ili skup nužnih svojstava koji je zajednički svim i samo taksonima vrste. Jedan sveobuhvatni pojam vrste, ukoliko takav pojam vrste postoji, obuhvatio bi svojom definicijom sve postojojeće taksone vrste. Svi taksoni vrste zajedno tvore razinu biološke klasifikacije koja se naziva “kategorijom vrste”. No, suvremena rasprava o problemu vrste dodatno se proširila u odnosu na svoje polazište. Danas se dovodi u pitanje postoji li jedan sveobuhvatni pojam vrste, je li kategorija vrste homogena ili je heterogena što se problematizira u sklopu rasprave između monizma i pluralizma. Također se postavlja pitanje postoje li vrste stvarno ili ne, što se problematizira u sklopu rasprave o problemu univerzalija. Još jedno važno pitanje jest, ukoliko vrste postoje 265 stvarno, na koji način one postoje što se obrađuje u kontekstu rasprave o statusu vrste. S obzirom na složenost problema vrste, ovaj rad usredotočit će se na tri cilja. Prvi cilj je napraviti obuhvatni prikaz problema vrste, istaknuti o kojim temama znanstvenici raspravljaju u kontekstu problema vrste, prezentirati relevantne pozicije u okviru navedenih rasprava te pokazati što problem vrste povezuje u jednu nerazdvojnu cjelinu. Drugi cilj rada je ponuditi rješenje problema u okviru navedenih rasprava. Treći cilj rada je prikazati rezultate provedenoga istraživanja u kojemu sam ispitivao stavove biologa o ključnim pretpostavkama, pojmovima i pozicijama u području problema vrste. U skladu s predloženim ciljevima, rad je strukturiran tako da ću kroz prva četiri poglavlja, uz svaku prikazanu poziciju prezentirati i klasične prigovore koji su joj upućeni. U prvom su poglavlju prikazane osnovne pozicije iz problema univerzalija: realizam, nominalizam i konceptualizam. Drugo poglavlje posvećeno je statusu vrste. U sklopu tog poglavlja prikazat ću pozicije prema kojima su vrste klase, klaster-klasa, klase homeostatskih svojstava i individue. U trećem poglavlju obrađujem problem monizma i pluralizma u kontekstu problema vrste. Četvrto poglavlje posvećeno je pojmovima vrste koji su aktualni u raspravi o problemu vrste. Prva četiri poglavlja tvore svojevrsnu cjelinu jer će čitatelj kroz ova poglavlja steći cjelovitu sliku o glavnim područjima i problemima u kontekstu rasprave o problemu vrsta. Peto poglavlje predstavlja sintezu prva četiri poglavlja. U njemu ću napraviti analizu kojom ću pokušati ustanoviti postoji li jedan pojam vrste koji može obuhvatiti sve poznate taksone vrste, što bi činilo osnovu za stajalište da je kategorija vrste homogena. U šestom poglavlju dat ću detaljan prikaz provedenog istraživanja o stavovima biologa o problemu vrste. U zaključku ću sažeti stajališta koja u radu zastupam te ih obraniti s obzirom na postojeće i eventualne buduće prigovore. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | What is called in the literature "the species problem" is an interdisciplinary debate between the fields of philosophy and biology. Philosophy aims to define the species concept in a formally satisfactory manner, while biology aims to define the species concept in a substantively satisfactory manner. The species problem is interesting to philosophers because it contains a multitude of conceptual problems that can not be resolved by empirical research. The authors interested in this subject consider it as a very important problem, and at the same time it seems that biologists can do their job quite well without a definite solution to this problem. The authors point out that the species concept is a fundamental concept in biology (Paulinus, 2013; Ereshefsky, 2010c), and that the species problem - with present discussions is of great importance to biology. The authors also point out that the species is a fundamental unit of evolution (Ereshefsky, 1992; Mayr, 2000b; Coyne, 2009; Richards, 2010), biological classification (Ghiselin, 1997), biodiversity and conservation (Moritz, 1994). The species concept that biologists unanimously accept could have far-reaching consequences for biology and for the count of species identified in nature (Isaac and Purvis, 2004), which may have consequences when it comes to protection of endangered species and pest control, but may also have a bearning on our understanding of human nature. Different understanding of the species concept can also cause a communication problem among biologists. Mayr says that “...the species is one of the basic foundations of almost all biological disciplines” (Mayr 1988: 331). Richards (2010: 6) concludes that the practical work of biologists depends heavily on the species concept they use. For these reasons it is necessary to find a solution to the species problem, but it seems as though the solution has never been farther away. The starting point of the discussion of the species problem is the search for one universal species concept. The species concept is a concept that seeks to determine the necessary property or a set of necessary properties that are in common to all and only species taxa. One universal species concept, should such a concept exist, would include by its definition all existing species taxa. All species taxa taken together form the level of biological classification called “the species category”. However, the contemporary debate about the species problem expanded even further. Today it is called into question whether one universal species concept exists or not, whether the species category is homogeneous or heterogeneous, as discussed in the debate between monism and pluralism. There is also a question of whether 268 species are real entities or not, as discussed in the debate about the problem of universals. Another important question, assuming that species are real entities, is the manner of their existence, which is being discussed in the debate about the status of the species. Given the complexity of the species problem, this work will focus on three goals. The first goal is to make a comprehensive summary of the species problem, to point out what topics do prominent scientists discuss in the context of the species problem, to present the relevant positions in the framework of these discussions, and to show what connects the species problem into a single topic. The second goal is to offer a solution to the problem within this framework. The third goal is to present the results of the empirical research in which I examined the views of biologists on key assumptions, concepts and positions concerning the species problem. In accordance with the proposed goals, the work is structured as follows. In the first four chapters I present all positions on the species problem and classical objections addressed to each one of them. More specifically, in the first chapter I present the basic positions in the problem of universals: realism, nominalism and conceptualism. The second chapter is devoted to the status of the species. As a part of the second chapter, I show the positions on the status of the species according to which species can be thought of as classes, as clusterclasses, as clusters of homeostatic properties and as individuals. As a part of the third chapter I outline the debate between monism and pluralism in the context of the species problem. In the fourth chapter I show all relevant species concepts in the current debate about the species problem. The first four chapters thus provide a broad picture of the main areas and issues in the context of the species problem. In the fifth chapter I provide a synthesis of the first four chapters in which I establish whether a single species concept, that can circumscribe all known species taxa exists, would form a basis for the view that the species category is homogeneous. In the sixth chapter I give a detailed overview of the empirical research on the attitudes of biologists about the species problem. In the conclusion, I sum up the arguments in favor of the positions advocated in the this work and defend them from possible objections. |
